Sculpture was never really popular in byzantine art. The main reason for this was the close association of this form of art with the ancient pagan religion.
This does not mean in any way that sculpture ceased to exist with the prevalence of Christianity and the transformation of the ancient Roman empire to the medieval one (the Byzantine).
Reliefs, pannels, stattuetes and rarely statues were constantly produced for more than one thousand years.
An interesting category of sculpture artwork are the icons made of steatite, commonly known as "soapstone". They are mainly works of the 10th to 13th century (mainly the komnenian 11th-12th) and the majority of them depicts military saints.
It is probable that many of them belonged to officers and some were used as standards during litanies or battles.
The saints are depicted in detail, armed with arms of their time. This is really useful for the study of the byzantine military, since most of byzantine works of art tend to represent military saints with a more "antique" or "classical" style of arms and armor.
St.George. 11th cent. Steatite Icon. Vatopedi monastery, Athos, Greece
George is depicted as a cavalry officer.
He wears a klivanion cuirass (lamellar) with attached metal pteruges and a mail upper part-probably a hood.
His long leg protection (kampotouva) and tunick betray that he belongs to a cavalry regiment.
A spear, a long sword and an almond shaped shield are the saint's weapons.
St. Theodore Stratelates. 12th cent. Steatite
The saint is praying. The arms and armor are similar to those of St.George above. Note the pattern on the shield.
St.Demetrius. 12th cent. Steatite. (Louvre M.)
Demetrius here is an archer. Equipped with a composite bow, a spear and a round shield he wears a padded cuirass (zava) with attached pteruges.
St. Demetrius. 11th cent. Steatite.
The saint wears a chainmail coat and long boots, holds a sword and a shield is hanged by his shoulder.
St. Demetrius again. 11th cent. Steatite
Saints on horseback. Demetrius on the left with a sword and a padded cuirass (similar to one above) and George spearing the dragon.
12th cent. Steatite (1.Kremlin, Moscow 2.MoBiA, New York)
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St.Theodore, George and Demetrius. 12th cent. Steatite. Cherson
George in the center wears full lamellar protection, Theodore Stratelates a klivanion too and underneath mail, while Demetrius a chainmail. The first two hold a spear while Demetrius a remarkably long and broad sword. All of them have almond shaped shields.
The Arrest of Christ. 12th cent. Steatite
A soldiers lifts a mace (vardoukion).
The Crucifixion-12th cent. Steatite.
The centurion wears a headgear, a chainmail and an almond shaped shield.
Interrogation of Christ. 12th cent. Steatite. (Baltimore M.)
The officer on the left who strikes Jesus, does not wear armor but his uniform for the days of peace.
St.Demetrius wearing a lamellar cuirass (klivanion) with pteruges.
He is holding
a spear and a round shield -common in the 10th cent.
By his right
shoulder is hanged a broad sword in a decorated scabbard.
The cut-out panel at the base of the icon may have supported a standard
that would have allowed the image to be carried in processions.
The
holes in the icon may mean that it was used as a cover for a book in the
Latin West.
Ivory icon 950-1000 (Metropolitan M.,New York)
The Louvre reliefs above belong to earlier and later periods and present a remarkable "classical" style. Arms and armor seem rather ancient than medieval.
Left and Right: The Harbavile Triptych, ivory panel, c.950
Center: St. Demetrius, steatite icon, 14th cent
Battle of the Old Testament- Full armed soldiers with round shields and kassidion helmets.
The Joshua ivory panel. mid 10th century (Metropolitan M, New York)
***
1. Kalavrezou-Maxeiner, Byzantine Icons in Steatite, Vienna 1985
2. Christopher
Walter, The warrior saints in byzantine art and tradition, Ashgate Publishing 2003
fragment of steatite icon from Traianoupolis, Greece. 12th cent
